‘A rope of hemp’. Used to modify sira/siro ‘white’, siragi ‘Silla (an ancient Korean kingdom)’.

‘Sky seen’. Used to modify the place name yamato Yamato’.

‘Sky counting’. Used to modify opo- ‘great/large’, opotu ‘Ôtsu’. Possibly from the idea of things being only roughly counted.

‘The sound of little bells’. Used to modify payumaumaya ‘fast horse horse barn’ from the harness bells official couriers wore on their tack.

‘White mulberry cloth’. Used to modify koromo ‘clothes’, tamoto ‘sleeve’, sode ‘sleeve’, pimo ‘belt’, pire ‘scarf’, obi ‘sash/belt’, tasuki ‘cord’, kumo ‘cloud’, yuki ‘snow’, etc.

Meaning unknown, possibly ‘pure white’. Used to modify yupu ‘mulberry cloth’, mo ‘skirt’, etc.

A type of waterfowl. Used to modify the place name wina ‘Ina’ from the way that the male and female wi narabu ‘line up’; and the place name apa ‘Awa’,from the sound of its cry when diving. Exactly what type of bird a sinagatöri was is unclear: theories range from the little grebe, or dabchick, to the pin-tailed duck, while still a further theory suggests the long-tailed cock.

‘Folded mulberry-bark cloth’. Used to modify koromo ‘clothes’, tamoto ‘sleeve’, sode ‘sleeve’, toko ‘bed(clothes)’, makura ‘pillow’, ipe ‘home/house’, etc.

‘Hidden land’. Used to modify the place name patuse ‘Hatsuse’. From the fact that Hatuse was surrounded by mountains.

‘Korean sword’. Used to modify the place name wazami ‘Wazami’, as swords had a wa ‘finger-guard’ and the first person pronoun na ‘I’ as na was also an ancient word for ‘sword’.