‘Like long haired codium (a type of seaweed)’. Used to modify pukamu ‘be deep’, miru ‘see’, etc.

‘Source of the sun’. Used to modify the place name yamato ‘Yamato’.

Meaning unknown. Used to modify ame/ama ‘heaven’, sora ‘sky’ and things connected with them such as: tuki ‘moon’, pi ‘sun’, piru ‘daytime’, ame ‘rain’, yuki ‘snow’, kasumi ‘haze’, posi ‘star’, pikari ‘light’ and yo ‘night. Also for katura ‘Katsura (tree)’, miyako ‘capital’, kagami ‘mirror’. One theory is that it derives from pi sasu kata ‘the direction from which the sun shines’, while the characters used to write it suggest the eternal and/or far-reaching nature of the heavens.

‘Spring birds’. Used to modify ne wo naku ‘make a (bird) call’, samayopu ‘moan/groan’.

‘Spring mist/haze’. Used to modify kasuga ‘Kasuga’, tatu ‘rise’, etc.

‘Oak leaf’. Used to modify papa ‘mother’.

‘Lily-seed’. Used to modify kuro ‘black’, yo ‘night’, yupu ‘evening’, tuki ‘moon’, kuraki ‘dark’, koyopi ‘this evening/tonight’, ime ‘dream’, ne ‘sleep’, etc. Also found as mubatama nö.

‘Pliable bamboo’. Used to modify towo ‘saddle/col (of a mountain pass)’, okipusi ‘waking and sleeping’, yo ‘night’, yo ‘world’, pusi ‘knot/joint’, etc.

Meaning unknown. Used to modify the place name kapi ‘Kai’.

‘Pulling summer hemp’. Used to modify una ‘of the sea’, una ‘nape (of the neck)’, and place names such as unakami ‘Unakami’, etc., from the fact that hemp was harvested in summer and spun, umu. Also used to modify inoti ‘life’ as hemp was spun into thread, ito.