‘Heaven distant’. Used to modify mukapu ‘turn toward’, pina ‘countryside’, etc.

‘Catalpa bow’. Used to modify piku ‘pull’, iru ‘shoot’, moto ‘base’, suwe ‘end/tip’, turu ‘bowstring’, yoru ‘draw near’, ya ‘arrow’, oto ‘sound’, kaperu ‘return’, etc. There is, in fact, some disagreement among the commentators as to whether adusa is catalpa or not.

‘Leg paining’?. Used to modify yama ‘mountain’, wo ‘peak’, etc. Of unclear derivation, theories range from ‘leg paining/wearying’ to ‘trees like reeds’.

‘Scattered reeds’. Used to modify the place name nanipa ‘Naniwa’.

‘Reed fenced’. As fences made of reeds would fall swiftly into disrepair, used to modify puru ‘old/former’, poka ‘other’, midaru ‘in disarray’, yosino ‘Yoshino’.

‘Good hemp’. Used to modify the place name ki ‘Ki’ as the province produced good quality hemp.

‘Autumn mountains’. Used to modify sitapi ‘turning red (of leaves)’, irö natukasi ‘(emotionally) moving colours’.

‘Shining madder red’. Used to modify pi ‘sun’, piru ‘daytime’, kimi ‘lord’, etc..