‘Rush toward’. Used to modify the place name suruga ‘Suruga’ from the idea of waves rushing toward the coastline.

As utipi sasu, only referring to place names containing miya ‘palace’.

‘Full sunshine’?. Used to modify miya ‘palace’, miyako ‘capital’, etc. Though to derive from utupi ga sasi’iru ‘(where) the sun shines fully on’ or utusi pi ‘the manifest sun’. Also found as utipi satu.

‘Flutter/Stream’. Used to modify kurokami ‘black hair’, kusa ‘grass’, paru ‘spring’, etc. From the way that hair or blades of grass flutter in the breeze.

‘Rock running’. Used to modify taki ‘waterfall’, apumi ‘Ômi’, etc. From the idea of water gushing over rocks.

‘Ivy covered rocks’?. Used to modify wotikaperu ‘get younger’.

‘Whale hunting’. Used to modify umi ‘sea’, pama ‘beach’, nada ‘open sea’, etc.

‘Good blue-black clay’. Used to modify Nara ‘Nara’, kunuti ‘within the land’. It appears from the Man’yôshû that Nara produced awoni clay used as a pigment, but whether this was really the case or simply a tradition is unknown.

‘New jewel’. Used to modify tosi ‘year’, tuki ‘moon/month’, pi ‘day’, paru ‘spring’ etc. Aratama nö tosi meant ‘new year’.

‘Coarse woven cloth’. Used to modify pudi ‘wisteria’.