‘Flutter/Stream’. Used to modify kurokami ‘black hair’, kusa ‘grass’, paru ‘spring’, etc. From the way that hair or blades of grass flutter in the breeze.

‘Rock running’. Used to modify taki ‘waterfall’, apumi ‘Ômi’, etc. From the idea of water gushing over rocks.

‘Ivy covered rocks’?. Used to modify wotikaperu ‘get younger’.

‘Whale hunting’. Used to modify umi ‘sea’, pama ‘beach’, nada ‘open sea’, etc.

‘Good blue-black clay’. Used to modify Nara ‘Nara’, kunuti ‘within the land’. It appears from the Man’yôshû that Nara produced awoni clay used as a pigment, but whether this was really the case or simply a tradition is unknown.

‘New jewel’. Used to modify tosi ‘year’, tuki ‘moon/month’, pi ‘day’, paru ‘spring’ etc. Aratama nö tosi meant ‘new year’.

‘Coarse woven cloth’. Used to modify pudi ‘wisteria’.

‘Heaven spanning’. Used to modify pi ‘sun’ and iripi ‘sunset’, etc.

‘Heaven distant’. Used to modify mukapu ‘turn toward’, pina ‘countryside’, etc.

‘Catalpa bow’. Used to modify piku ‘pull’, iru ‘shoot’, moto ‘base’, suwe ‘end/tip’, turu ‘bowstring’, yoru ‘draw near’, ya ‘arrow’, oto ‘sound’, kaperu ‘return’, etc. There is, in fact, some disagreement among the commentators as to whether adusa is catalpa or not.